Pettersson M500 Review

I've been lucky enough to try out the new Pettersson M500 detector over the past few months. This is a small hand-held device that allows you to both view and record full spectrum bat echolocation calls onto a windows laptop or tablet. The principle is that rather than record echolocation calls onto the device, or onto a separate recorder and analyse them later, you can record the calls directly onto your laptop/tablet via a USB cable. Not only that, but you can actually see what you are recording at the same time as well.

While this seems like a new idea, in fact Pettersson Electronik produced a special version of Batsound some years ago that allowed you to record onto a laptop via a PCMCIA data acquisition card. The limited computing power and battery life of laptops at the time, plus the cost of the data acquisition card made this something of a specialist item however, though the quality of recordings made via this method was outstanding. Now, with better faster electronics, and a price below £400, we have the M500.

What do you get?

The initial package is surprisingly small, giving some hint as to the size of the device, but it's only when you unwrap it from the plain box that the tiny size of the device is brought home.

 

 

It's a tiny little thing, very light but it feels solid and robust and seems to be mostly made from aluminium, so should take a fair bit of field use. There are with no buttons, just a small translucent spot behind which is a red LED to show you when it's operating, but more of that later.

 

The little cone on the front protects the microphone, which is the same electret microphone used in the D500x static logger. The cone also enhances the directionality of the microphone and its on-axis sensitivity, and can be removed if you want to make the detector more omnidirectional.

 

 

To remove the cone you simply gently twist and pull. Doing this does leave the microphone rather exposed, and while these microphones are reasonably robust, they can be damaged by water, so unless you have a real need to do this, I would suggest leaving the cone on.

 

 

At the other end is the USB connection. Mine came with a curly UBS lead that extended out to about 60cm, but as there is a highly standardised USB mini-B socket on the bottom, any decent quality cable should do. I would be cautious about leads over 2m as due to the high data throughput, there might be signal loss along the way. The device is powered via the USB socket as well, so no need for batteries.

 

 

And that basically is that, a small box with a microphone and a lead, and I assume some wild electronics inside.

Specifications

The box itself can sample at up to 500 kHz at 16 bit resolution. This is quite a remarkable feat, and one that should ensure very high quality recordings. The electret microphone, while arguably not as sensitive at higher frequencies as the capacitance microphone of the D1000x, is certainly very good and also much more robust and resistant to humidity. Recordings using the same microphone in the D500x show that it is a very capable performer indeed. The box also appears to have a built in anti-aliasing filter set at 190 kHz meaning that all bats with the exception of a few tropical species, can be recorded.

Software

The bundled software allows you to record and view files and is compatible with Windows Vista, 7 and 8, both 32 and 64 bit versions. I have installed it on a range of machines and had a few minor issues that were quickly resolved.

There are separate installation files for Windows Vista and 7 and for Windows 8, so you need to select the correct ones. The problems I encountered were that either installation failed or on starting the software I received an error message. This turned out to be having outdated .NET frameworks and an older Visual Studio C++ re-distributable. These are components of the Windows operating system, so if you computer is up to date, you should be ok, otherwise you may need to install them from the Microsoft website. As the software is 32 bit, if you are using a 64 bit machine (most Windows 8 machines are) you need to make sure you have the 32 bit Visual Studio C++ redistributable installed as well as the 64 bit version.

 

A very important thing to note is that you should install the software BEFORE plugging the M500 into a USB port, otherwise the device drivers may not install properly.

 

The M500 will also be supported in the new version of Batsound due out later this year.

 

If all has gone well, you should now be running BatMicRecorder and should be looking at something similar to that below.

 

 

 

The very minimal look is both for the limited screen space on small tablets and also to reduce the load on the computer's cpu due to the vast amount of data about to be streamed through it.

 

The fun begins when you click the 'Start Sampling' button, and get the following...

 

 

 The software - BatMicRecorder

The software has really been designed for automatic logging. This puzzled me at first as I was expecting a big button on the microphone marked 'go' so it took some time to get used to the fact that you need to set up the software to record automatically. There are a lot of functions to customise how the software works, and it does take some time to find your way around the various options, so I will only deal with the major features here. It's also important to point out that while the software allows you to see what you are recording, it doesn't allow any analysis after capture. For that you'll need Batsound or some other package. Fortunately as the files are standard .wav files and are time and date stamped in the file name, this can be anything you are used to, though some freeware packages might not like the high sampling rate. Batscan, while reporting the correct sample rate, doesn't seem to want to display the frequency correctly. One work-around is to open the files in Audacity (freeware) and either view them there or convert the sample rate down to 50 kHz using the 'Set Rate' command which changes the sampling rate in the file header and then view the files as 10x time expansion ones.

Capturing the signal

Firstly, and most importantly, you have two modes to capture the signal. These are 'Automatic' and 'Circular'. By default, the recorder starts in Automatic mode. Note that there is a rather confusing tick box also labelled 'Auto' this does not switch the recorder to automatic mode, rather it enables the 'Auto arm' function that allows the recorder to automatically reset itself so that after capturing one sequence it then waits for the next trigger to capture the next sequence. Without this check box enabled, the recorder will record one sequence and then stop and you have to manually push the 'record' button to start it again.

 

For the automatic record mode, you can select how long to record for in steps of 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30 seconds, 1 minute or manual. In manual mode, it carries on recording until you press 'abort'. You can also set a pre-trigger length of 0 seconds (off), 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 or 1 second. The pre-trigger allows the software to go back through the recording to before the trigger point. You total recoding time them becomes Recording length + pre-trigger.

 

The circular mode is essentially a manual record mode where all the data is pre-trigger. You can select from a record length of 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 seconds. On pressing 'record' the device continually acquires data into a circular memory buffer. If you selected a record length of 10 seconds, then once the buffer is filled up after ten seconds, the data acquired from seconds 10-11 overwrites the data acquired from seconds 0-1 and so on. Once you see or hear and bat and press the 'stop' button, all the data acquired before that point (10 seconds worth) is saved to file. Any trigger settings you have input have no effect in this mode as you control the recording manually and should be greyed out.

Trigger settings

 

How you set the trigger is very important to ensure that you don't miss bats but also don't acquire too much non-bat noise (such as the ever-rustling menace of the 'transect trousers'.). You have two options here, either 'Level' or 'Frequency'. Level is the simplest, in that you adjust the slider between 0% and 100% of the amplitude of the signal. If you have the live oscillogram enabled (Go to Show>Oscillogram) AND the check box marked 'Show' is clicked then you can see white lines that show the trigger level. If the signal goes above or below these lines then the system will trigger. There is a risk that other non-bat noise might trigger the system unless you have the trigger set very high.

 

A more sophisticated method is to use a frequency trigger. Enabling this allows you to adjust two frequency sliders which will define the bandwidth you are interested in. At its simplest you might select 20 kHz in one and 250 kHz in the second, which will look at anything ultrasonic and ignore anything in the normal sonic range. A more sophisticated way might be if you are interested in pipistrelles, set on to 40 kHz and the other to 60 kHz, or even more specific, lesser horseshoes, set one to 105 kHz and the other to 120 kHz. You then set the slider for the intensity (dB) that the signal has to reach before triggering the system. The lower the value, the more sensitive it is. Note that if you set a very low value the system may trigger itself from its own internal electronic noise and continually record.

 

The final setting in the trigger section.is the 'Single' check box. This means that once a signal exceeds the trigger level, the sonogram view and the oscillogram view are frozen so that you can see the signal in more detail. If you have the 'Auto' option enabled, then once a signal triggers the device it is shown for a few seconds before the system arms itself waiting for the next trigger.

 

The settings option

 

 

This confused me a little at first as you get a series of options for controlling the horizontal axis time scale which is simple enough, but also a series of settings for recorder settings, such as oscillogram, spectrogram, grid and audio. What these do is to turn off those displays/audio while the recording is taking place. This can stop breaks in the recording due to the pc not being able to keep up with the rate at which data is being acquired. You can check this by looking at the throughput written at the bottom of the window 9see bottom of image below. This shows the acquisition rate currently being used. It's important to check this during a few test recordings of about 10 seconds or more. If it drops below 500,000 (goes red) there is a risk that some data may not be recorded. The occasional drop into red is not an issue as there is a data buffer for the data so it may be able to catch up later on. If it stays below red, disable the spectrogram view from the setings>recorder settings menu to free up cpu resources.

 

Display options

 

The set of options at the bottom allow you to configure how the software looks. You have a range of options for controlling the spectrogram colours, threshold, FFT size and spectrogram and oscillogram scaling. Just play with them until you get the view you like, they don't affect the recordings at all. If you can't see them, go to the 'Show' menu and click on the 'Advanced' box. The show menu also lets you display various parts of the display, useful for saving space on small screens or cpu resources.

Audio

The enable audio check box allows you to listen to the signals as they are being acquired. It uses a process of under-sampling which is to sample the audio at a lower rate than that needed to preserve the signal. in effect you are aliasing the signal to make it lower in frequency. The output sounds a little like a frequency divided output. The slider controls the volume. It's useful for listening for bats - turning your M500 and laptop into a kind of frequency-division detector, but it's best to listen through headphones or you may find that the audio output from your laptop gets re-recorded by the M500 and then output again and re-recorded creating both horrible recordings and nasty feedback. The audio option also uses up cpu resources, so if you have a lower-specified machine I would suggest turning it off if the system struggles.

 

Uses

This is the tricky part, what do you use it for? It's a lovely thing, but what would you use it for in the field? Every consultant has their favourite way of working, some like to take out the best equipment going, others like to go minimalist. Personally I like a detector that has a 'go' button so that I can just watch bats and not equipment. For that reason I actually prefer a D240x with a recorder, small, not too many settings and good quality recordings. I probably wouldn't take a laptop/tablet in the field as I like to watch bats and not screens, but I can see that as an automatic recorder, you could set the trigger settings, set up the laptop/tablet to stay on when you closed the lid, put it in a rucksack and set off on your transect. Essentially you get the quality of a D500x at a fraction of the cost assuming you already have a laptop. Ditto for remote logging if you can leave the laptop in a safe place, such as in lofts or barn. It would however be perfect for education use to both see and hear echolocation calls as they happen.

 

Glitches

Like most new products, especially software, there are bound to be a few issues. The most troubling was the installation of the C++ redistributable packages. Once this was sorted out, everything else went fine. Occasionally menu items don't work properly, or can't be selected, but this has always been solved by closing down the program and restarting. One issue I have had a few times is that if you leave the M500 attached, close the software and restart, an error is reported. Simply close the software, unplug the M500, plug it back in and restart the software. I'm sure software updates will gradually sort these minor problems out.

 

Examples

A few examples of some bats to show you the screen outputs. I haven't particularly optimised the views in terms of spectrogram levels or time axes, but it gives you an idea of different species.

 

Pipistrelle

Daubenton's

 Greater Horseshoe

 Noctule

 

 

Verdict

This is really an amazing piece of kit, which for the price is even more amazing. You do have to ask yourself what you would use it for. This approach of screens in the field may not work for some and it's worth having a good long think about how you would use it.  The quality of recordings is second to none save perhaps those from a D1000x at ten times the price. The size, sensitivity, versatility and quality make it very attractive for the price, though you will need a laptop or a tablet and some form of analysis software as well. Essentially it turns your laptop into a real-time bat analyser and data-logger, so perhaps the limitation is me for not being inventive enough to think of new ways of using it.

 

 

I’ve been having a play with the free trial of Kaleidoscope software from Wildlife Acoustics. This was partly prompted by the courses I’ve been running on behalf of BCT for some of the larger consultancies who generate far more data than they can ever analyse manually, so they are very keen to embrace automated processing software. To test it I’ve run through some 10,000 files that I’ve manually looked through so I know what’s on them. These are mostly from a Pettersson D500x, but there are also a large number of files from the SM2BAT+.

The basic interface is modular, in that the file conversion utility is free. You can use this to batch process and convert .wac files to .wav and also zero crossing files. To this you can add the Kaleidoscope viewer (£325) or opt for the Kaleidoscope Pro version which includes the viewer and a set of classifiers for UK bats (£755). You can download and try Kaleidoscope pro for 15 days to try it out, which is what I did.

To start with, there has clearly been a lot of time spent on the interface. It works nicely, is simple and does the job. One minor irritation is that you can select an output directory that is above the data directory. In other words, if you data is in C:\field_data, you can’t put the results either in that directory, or in one above it such as C:\field_data\results. They have to go into a directory at the same level or below the one you are processing. If you are just processing files to classify them, don’t check any of the output file formats unless you want copies of the processed files in your results folder. With 60 GB of data to process, this can cause havoc!

If you are classifying calls, you have the option of switching in and out any of the current 11 species classifiers. Myotis is still lumped together (sensibly), and the newest addition is a classifier for Nathusius’ pipistrelle. There are two classifiers for lesser horseshoe, a normal one and one for the 192 kHz recording mode where lesser horseshoe calls would be aliased.

To start, you select the directory on the left hand side of calls you want to process.  You can also include sub-directories from this which is a nice feature meaning you can batch process A LOT of files. You select or make an output folder on the right hand side for the output files, select the classifiers you want to use (i.e. the species you want to look for), hit ‘process files’ and go away for a cup of tea, lunch or a mini-break to a top European destination depending on how many files you need to process. For my files it took around 10-15 minutes per night of data, which for this type of processing is very very fast. However, as this is very CPU intensive, I couldn’t use my PC for anything else while the processing was going on. If I did try, Kaleidoscope threw up a few file I/O errors claiming that the file was too big to process. So best to leave it to do its job. If you have a lot of detectors for a lot of nights, this could take you a few days, so be mindful of that.

The output is presented as a table, but also output as a .csv file to your selected results directory. It tells you the file name, species ID, number of pulses and certainty of identification. You can then click on each entry and that file opens up in the viewer which is a really nice feature so you can check it and if necessary amend the identification. You can also click on the column heading to sort by species to look for anything that is not a pipistrelle. I have to say I’m not a great fan of the layout and look of the viewer, but then I’ve used Batsound for years so am more used to that. I’m sure you can customise the viewer to suit the look and layout you want.

So how did it fare on identification? Well, I have to say it did pretty well considering. It’s not overly keen to classify things, which I like. I have used other software which is intent on suggesting the most bizarre species. Nothing too odd came out of this, and it did seem to deal quite well with the dreaded pipistrelle social calls which other software turns into barbastelles among other things. There was a category of ‘noID’ which is where the software admits it can’t identify something, which again is pretty honest.

It is quite keen to pull out P. nathusii (I downloaded it with the nathusii classifier). So a P. pipistrellus with FmaxE at 41 kHz was a nathusii, with high confidence which it clearly was not. This happened quite a lot where groups of common pipistrelles were flying together and shifting their call frequencies away from one another. Personally I wouldn’t take any nathusii classification at face value without checking it manually.

It struggled with the big bats group. Obvious N. noctula were right, but some serotine/leislers FM-QCF calls were attributed to N. noctula when they were too high for my liking. Also some higher QCF noctule calls at 22-23 kHz were attributed to N. leisleri when the IPI was far too long to be leisleri. Again, I’d like to have a look manually at all the big bat classifications.

One bizarre occurrence was that high amplitude recordings of P. pygmaeus which had nice harmonics at 110 kHz were picked up with 70% plus confidence as lesser horseshoes rather than pygmaeus, even though they were lovely pygmaeus recordings.  P. auritus also cropped up a few times in the recordings but it was usually a Myotis, so that needs watching. It did a pretty decent job of ignoring pip social calls rather than attributing them to something, again which is pretty good.

The software did fail to deal with recordings which had more than one species in them, but that’s not terribly surprising.

One potentially more alarming issue was that I had about five nights of data from inside a church which had a brown long-eared roost in it. The software failed to find a single long-eared call even though there were plenty of classic (weak) calls in the recordings, as well as the usual social calls. This happened even when I turned the sensitivity up on the classifier (there is a more accurate/more sensitive switch).  I wouldn’t be happy using this to find long-eared bats in barn conversions for example without manually going through the data. I even edited out good long-eared recordings and put individual files through. It wasn’t that it didn’t classify them, it just couldn’t find them.

In summary, it did a pretty good job as a pipistrelle filter, and can be great for sorting out other species to check manually, but I’d still want to have a look at any file that wasn’t a P. pipistrellus/pygmaeus to check the classification. The software can save a great deal of time, and in some larger scale surveys may be a necessity, but I would be reluctant to accept any non-common or soprano pipistrelle identification at face value without having a look at it first.

American-style bathouse

Having to potentially do a pipistrelle exclusion this summer, I thought I'd have a go at making and installing an American style bathouse on the building just to see if it worked. I used some modified plans from the Bat Conservation International (BCI) publication 'The bat house builder's handbook' to construct it. I had to adapt the plans slightly for the metric measurements so used a quarter sheet of 9mm ply and another of 12mm ply. I also used exterior grade plywood for the sides as this would make it more long-lasting I figured. This means you will need a little extra ply for this and luckily I had some scraps laying around. I also left out the ventilation holes as it's cooler in the UK, and added a bottom as well.

The total construction cost was around £70 but if you make them in bulk with four boxes to a full sheet of 9mm and 12mm ply, it should come down. I also added a roofing felt cap over the top to keep the rain off longer.

 

This is the ply all marked out ready for cutting.

This is the timber all cut out and ready for assembly.

The assembled and painted bat house with a 30cm ruler for scale.

View with the bottom door open at the four internal chambers.

Total construction time was about three hours, excluding painting.

D500x firmware upgrade

The new D500x firmware version 2.2.2 has been released. The trigger sensitivity option now allows for better rejection of noise events and there is a new timer option that can start and stop the detector relative to sunrise and sunset when you put in your latitude and longitude. Both are very welcome additions.

One of the most useful features I've found though is that the log file created during recording events shows the battery voltage through time. This really helps in choosing the right batteries for the duration the detector is used. I trialled it with an external battery case with four NiMh 'C' cells which gave out 4 x 1.2v = 4.8 V. You could see the voltage change through time until the detector got to 4.2 V when the detector stopped working. I'm sure with four alkaline C cells at a total of 4 x 1.5v = 6 V it would have been fine.

While we all want to be responsible and use rechargeables, it often just does not work with devices like this when you need them to be reliable and are not checking on the batteries all the time. Most of my NiMh AA cells are unusable after two seasons as they suddenly lose charge. I think the best power source is still a 6V lead-acid battery for long periods in the field.

I've had some lovely long-eared recordings from my D500x from a church recently, plus a load of very varied but wonderful social calls. Long-eard bats are certainly very talkative.

Batsound under WINE on Ubuntu 13.04

Well Ubuntu 13.04 'Raring Ringtail' is here, and it makes for an easy upgrade, even on a dual boot Windows 7 machine, my only gripe being that it overwrote my Windows 7 bootloader with Grub-2, the Ubuntu boot loader. Not a problem unless you decide to remove Linux in which case you won't be able to easily boot into Windows. Batsound still works well under WINE but I still haven't sorted out the graphics export problem. The dialogue appears but the resulting image files are corrupted. Not a huge problem since Ubuntu has such a versatile set of screen grabbing and editing tools. I tried out crossover which is a commercial version of WINE to install Batsound.  Again, this worked fine, and now in the export graphics image dialogue box the option to export to .jpg appears but the files are still empty or corrupted. As far as I can tell, all other functions like audio capture and playback work just fine under Ubuntu.

Still plugging away at Batsound on Linux

Not much closer to a solution for the saving of sonogram images from Batsound under Linux. It seems that WINE only has limited support fir JPEG, but then .png files would arguably be better for export anyway, preserving the crisp edges of text labels. It does look like there may be a way of configuring Widows drives under WINE, so that files would not have to be in the Linux partition. That's part of the fun of Linux, problem solving....

Batsound under Linux

After someone asked me about sound analysis tools under Linux at the BCT conference in York it's been on my mind. There is the excellent Audacity, but this has limited tools of interest to the bat surveyor, good though it is. I had an old and very unresponsive laptop that was struggling with Windows XP (20 minutes to boot-up - not good), so I put Linux on it, Ubuntu 12.10. The installation was not without issue, the wireless networking especially, but once it was on I had a working, fast laptop. Now for Batsound....

I was expecting a fight, but it was actually very straightforward. First from Ubuntu software center install WINE (Wine Is Not Emulator). Then right click on the Batsound.msi file. It actually says in the WINE documentation that it will not install from an .msi, but this was fine. This will install it to a virtual C drive which is actually hosted on your Linux home partition. Enter your name, organisation and the serial number and off it goes.

Batsound then appears in your list of applications (DASH in Ubuntu), click on it and it runs! Just as fast as normal. I'll report any issues I find but at the moment the only thing I have found not working is that it won't save the workspace as an image file. Also, you can't access your normal C:\ drive for files. There must be a workaround for this somehow.