tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70511621364213598472024-02-18T21:11:05.507-08:00Vespero ConsultingEcology, Acoustics, Imaging:
Consultancy services for ecological survey and design, bat surveys, ultrasonic measurements, bioacoustic logging and scientific imaging.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.comBlogger41125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-79752273419093174812016-09-20T03:49:00.002-07:002016-09-20T03:49:16.230-07:00Batsound under Linux and MacsWhen running courses on analysing bat echolocation calls, I often get asked if it's possible to run sound analysis software on Mac computers (and occasionally Linux too). There is of course Kaleidoscope from Wildlife Acoustics, but as I run my courses using Batsound, that's not much of a help. You can of course run windows within Linux and Mac OS using virtualisation software (most notably parallels on a Mac), but this has some serious performance issues unless you have a fast machine, plus you need a legal copy of Windows as well.<br />
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I have been able to get older versions of Batsound to run under <a href="https://www.winehq.org/" target="_blank">WINE</a> in Linux. WINE stands for the recursive acronym Wine Is Not (an) Emulator and allows Windows programs to run on Macs and Linux machines without having to install windows. It basically converts calls to windows functions into Mac or Linux functions on the fly, so (should) run faster. Wine is also free. However, more recent versions of Batsound have failed to run as they need a Microsoft Visual C++ runtime library as well which is happy under Windows, but less so under Linux (and I assume Macs as well).<br />
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Nevertheless, after a lot of tinkering, I have been able to get the latest version of Batsound (version 4.2 not Batsound Touch) to work under Linux. This process should also work for Macs as well.<br />
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I've been using crossover by <a href="https://www.codeweavers.com/" target="_blank">Codeweavers</a>. This is basically a front-end to WINE. It's not free, but profits from Crossover go back into the development of Wine. You can download a trial version and test it out for free though. Crossover makes the installation of windows programs a whole lot easier.<br />
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The basic process is to create a Windows 7 bottle to contain all your Batsound programmes, then install the Visual C++ x86 redistributable provided with Batsound (the 2012 version). This will install but not function under Crossover but needs to be there for Batsound to install. Next. install Batsound. Batsound will install and the installation will finish, but Batsound but not work. The finally get Crossover to install the 2010 version of the Visual C++ redistributable which does work under Crossover and which batsound will use. Batsound should work fine. The only thing that seems to be missing is the ability to export graphics, but you can always use a screen grabber for that anyway.<br />
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Here is the process step by step:<br />
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1. Download and install Crossover.<br />
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2. Create a new Windows 7 bottle by selecting the wine bottle icon top left and then clicking +add at the bottom. make sure it's a Windows 7 bottle from the drop down list and give it a memorable name.<br />
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3. Now we have a Windows bottle with it's own C: drive and programs directory.<br />
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4. We now need to install the Visual C++ redistributable into that bottle.<br />
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5. Select the bottle and click Install Windows Software (bottom right).<br />
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6. Click Select a Bottle to Install to (you have to keep making sure it's going to install it into the right place - if you find a new bottle appears on the left, it's installed the software to its own bottle and it won't work).<br />
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7. Continue and click Select Application and you will be faced with a menu of windows software profiles you can install (we will use these later...). Go to Unknown and Other applications and then Continue.<br />
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8. Select Choose installer file Navigate to your Batsound install folder and select vcrredist_x86. This is the Visual C++ redistributable we will need to make Batsound install. Click Open.<br />
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9. The redistibutable will now install.</div>
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10. Once that has completed, now install Batsound. It's the same process as the redistibutable.<br />
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Select the bottle:<br />
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Select an application to install and go to Unknown and Other<br />
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Select Batsound<br />
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And install it.<br />
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If it's working so far, you should get the Batsound registration page to enter the serial number.<br />
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If you don't get the option to enter your name and serial number then I'm afraid the installation has failed. Go back, delete the bottle and try again.<br />
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11. Now Batsound has installed but it won't work. For that we need an older WINE compatible version of the C++ package and we're going to let crossover install that for us.<br />
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12. Select the bottle again.<br />
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13. Click on install windows software.<br />
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14. This time, when you click on select an application to install, type 'visual' into the search box. A lot of options will turn up, but select Microsoft Visual C++ (10.0) Redistibutable, and then click Continue.<br />
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15. And then click install.<br />
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16. Crossover will first install an xml parser and you need to enter a name (can be made up if you're feeling cheeky).<br />
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17. And then the Redistributable will install. Click yes to reading the terms and conditions.<br />
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18. If all that goes according to plan, then once that has installed, Batsound should run. Click on your bottle, and then double click the Batsound icon.<br />
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All functions seem to work so far, the export graphics option will export a file but it will be empty. I assume there are other graphics libraries that are needed somewhere along the line. Even the audio playback works.<br />
<br />
Anyway, this is how I've gotten it to run. If you want to try it I strongly suggest that you download both the demo copies of Crossover and Batsound and try those first before buying either. Oh, and I've not tested it on a Mac, only Linux, but I'd be interested to hear how that goes from any mac users out there.<br />
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<br />Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-845920015693220542016-06-29T00:44:00.001-07:002016-06-29T00:44:19.678-07:00Bat data and GISThere is still some way to go with seamless integration of GPS data and sound capture data, but the new release of <a href="http://www.batnav.com/map-a-bat/" target="_blank">Map-a-Bat Pro</a> goes some way to addressing that. Many detectors now either have built-in GPS or GPS as an optional add-on, and being able to extract that data and map it allows you to locate and map your bat contacts. Not only does this help with surveys, but by using the data with free GIS tools such as Google Maps and <a href="http://qgis.org/en/site/" target="_blank">Quantum GIS</a> can help you to identify flight lines, important habitat patches and better understand species' habitat preferences.<br />
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The workflow for extracting GPS information can sometimes be a little challenging (Google Earth can be a bit annoying in this respect) but the rewards are great, and a little time investment in understanding how to process the data can save a lot of time in the future and add great value to project reports.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwM1zaeCXS4ri8-JfWBxcLzMvkoM-_Z6nZEx-ZtrPw4ouLDIxtmPh4mfjOTR9XNxOLEA608ma808lijEgZzsw46YKUdJpEm02zN08nIU7shPZYTYi2j6nu1_nH5AUlf10S6nTgO_lcvfc/s1600/batnav.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwM1zaeCXS4ri8-JfWBxcLzMvkoM-_Z6nZEx-ZtrPw4ouLDIxtmPh4mfjOTR9XNxOLEA608ma808lijEgZzsw46YKUdJpEm02zN08nIU7shPZYTYi2j6nu1_nH5AUlf10S6nTgO_lcvfc/s400/batnav.PNG" width="400" /></a></div>
<i>From map-a-bat promo material from </i><a href="http://www.wildwoodecology.com/" target="_blank"><i>Wildwood Ecology</i></a><i>.</i><b></b><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-6002277545083270382016-06-23T01:46:00.002-07:002016-06-23T01:46:40.558-07:00Auto-identification software.Last week I ran two workshops for BCT on bat identification. The first whole day workshop was looking at manual identification of bat echolocation. We looked at call characteristics and how we need to understand issues such as directionality, attenuation and analysis protocols to understand what is going on - basically to 'read' a sonogram for the story it tells. Most of this was done through Batsound, which I still think is the best single package for sound analysis, though it does lack some of the other features such as GPS extraction (though I believe the new version of <a href="http://www.batsound.com/?p=120" target="_blank">Batsound Touch</a> can do this in some form - it can certainly tag sound files with GPS location anyway).<br />
<br />
The second whole day workshop was looking at automatic identification and some of the packages that can be used to do it. We reviewed the principles behind it, some of the assumptions it makes, then looked at the range of software available. We then focussed on Wildlife Acoustics '<a href="http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/products/kaleidoscope-software" target="_blank">Kaleidoscope</a>' and Biotope's '<a href="http://www.biotope.fr/fr/accueil-innovation/sonochiro" target="_blank">Sonochiro</a>'. We ran the same sets of sample calls through each and looked at how we interpret the outputs. The participants then had an opportunity to try each of the packages themselves on sets of pre-identified calls and also on some standard field data from a range of different hardware types. Thanks to both Wildlife Acoustics and Biotope for the training licences for each.<br />
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In general we found that both packages were pretty good at picking out pipistrelles, though identification of other species was variable. The take home message was really that these packages help to scan huge volumes of files and identify species of interest, but those files then really have to be manually checked, or at least a sub-set manually checked for validation.<br />
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This is pretty much what BCT recommends in some guidelines it has <a href="http://www.bats.org.uk/data/files/AutomaticID_Recommendations_Version_date_210416.pdf" target="_blank">published on its website</a>. With fifteen people on each course, it was a great opportunity to explore bat identification. I certainly learnt a lot, and I was running it. We're <a href="http://www.bats.org.uk/pages/training.html" target="_blank">running it again</a> in September.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-79005030798714095922016-06-22T08:04:00.002-07:002016-06-22T08:04:41.153-07:00Bat call broadcasts.For training purposes, I've been using the <a href="http://www.batsound.com/?p=11" target="_blank">Pettersson D1000x</a> to play back previously recorded bat calls so that participants at workshops can then listen through heterodyne, frequency division or even time expansion to practise using bat detectors. The calls have been broadcast through an <a href="http://www.batsound.com/?p=12" target="_blank">L400 loudspeaker</a> which is pretty good even up to 100 kHz.<br />
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Being a 'belt and braces' sort of person, I was always worried that if the technology decided not to work one day, then the whole workshop would be wasted, so I looked around for another way of broadcasting high frequency .wav files. I initially tried <a href="http://www.ni.com/labview/" target="_blank">LabVIEW</a>, but the problem with the version I had was that it wouldn't accept .wav files with high sampling rates, so you had to read in the file in other ways, which was cumbersome. In the end, I found a quick and easy way in <a href="http://uk.mathworks.com/index.html?s_tid=gn_logo" target="_blank">Matlab</a>.<br />
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You will need the Matlab base package, and the data acquisition toolbox. You will also need a compatible data acquisition card capable of Digital to Analog output of about 500 kHz. I use a National Instruments USB-6251 box. You will need a suitable high frequency loudspeaker and some original files to broadcast. If they are time expanded you will just need to put in a little function to raise the sample rate back up 10x (be careful that your card can handle arbitrary sample rates though as 44.1 kHz becomes 441 kHz which some cards may not be able to deal with).<br />
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The Matlab code is really ridiculously simple, and easy to adapt to different cards or situations.<br />
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<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% Matlab .m script to
select a .wav file and then play that file back</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% through a USB D/A Device
- in this case a NI USB-6251.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">%</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% GUI commends to select a
file and get the path to that file</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[filename pathname] = uigetfile({</span></span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">'*.wav'</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">},</span></span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">'File
Selector'</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">);</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">fullpathname = strcat (pathname,
filename);</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% Use audioread to open the
file identified from Pathname: Note that will</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% not open batsound .wav
format files. Use Batsound to open them and then</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% save as standard .wav
files first.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[Wave_File, Fs] =
audioread(fullpathname);</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% Fs is the sample rate it
gets from the .wav file. Report it.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fs</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% Plot an oscillogram of
the signal to check it has loaded properly.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">plot(Wave_File)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% Plots the sonogram though
the frequencies aren't right. Currently commented</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% out as it takes ages for
long files. The y axis option swaps the x and y</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% axes to put frequency up
the side.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">%
spectrogram(Wave_File,128,120,128,1e3,'yaxis')</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% Reports which devices are
found - ni: National Instruments USB-6251 (BNC)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% (Device ID: 'Dev1')</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">devices = daq.getDevices</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% ni is the device label,
creates a session.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">s = daq.createSession(</span></span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">'ni'</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% Set the sampling rate to
that of the loaded .wav file</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">s.Rate = Fs</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% Add a D/A Output channel.
Dev1 is the device and ao0 is the analog output</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% channel: 1 2 channels
('ao0','ao1')</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">addAnalogOutputChannel(s,</span></span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">'Dev1'</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">,</span></span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">'ao0'</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">,</span></span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">'Voltage'</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% Loop ten times. Change if
you want more or less.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">for</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> lp = 1:10</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% queue the data to the D/A
device</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">queueOutputData(s,Wave_File)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">% Start the output of the
data and return command to matlab when done</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">startForeground(s)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">end</span></span></div>
<br />One day I might get around to writing a nice GUI for it, but this works very well as it is.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-50261842274291595432016-04-05T03:48:00.002-07:002016-06-08T00:32:39.840-07:00Pettersson M500-384Pettersson have just released a new version of the <a href="http://www.batsound.com/?p=125" target="_blank">M500 ultrasonic microphone</a>, the M500-384. While this has a lower sampling rate than the standard M500 at 384 kHz rather then 500 kHz at 16 bit resolution, it can be used on a number of different devices. <br />
<br />
<br />
The key feature is that a range of operating systems will detect the device via the USB port as a standalone USB microphone, so there is no need for custom drivers. All you need then is an app or program that will support 384 kHz sampling rates. <br />
<br />
<br />
Audacity should work on all available platforms such as Linux, Mac and Windows. For android, a number of apps have been tested as working, and will provide either recording only, or recording plus a scrolling sonogram, screen. <br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.extreamsd.com/index.php/products/usb-audio-recorder-pro" target="_blank">USB Audio Recorder Pro</a> will record directly from the device but not show you what you are recording or give audible feedback. <br />
<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.digitalbiology.audio" target="_blank">Bat Recorder</a> is a fully fledged app that works with USB microphones and gives a nice sonogram, display. Importantly, this app allows the audio monitoring of bat calls, making it function like a normal bat detector. <br />
<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.digitalbiology.audio" target="_blank">USB Bat Detector</a> also works but is reported to currently have some issues.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiX4-0w6hksTvYeOOTLCMhIzYCUDyYZQbf0VFyc43-RRuuiUpdFh4os79hTSLVbdtKtFgYUOSTMxIVvLy24aWusHUhvCeK42ilSOURzCPiEcI459om4OWT4CQxoLhKsQCwR7iiAW9W-Ek/s1600/M500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiX4-0w6hksTvYeOOTLCMhIzYCUDyYZQbf0VFyc43-RRuuiUpdFh4os79hTSLVbdtKtFgYUOSTMxIVvLy24aWusHUhvCeK42ilSOURzCPiEcI459om4OWT4CQxoLhKsQCwR7iiAW9W-Ek/s1600/M500.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
While this device will work with a range of devices, it requires the device to support USB OTG, which is where the device can act as both master and slave. There are apps on the Google Play Store which will test whether the device can support OTG,<br />
<br />
<br />
This looks like a very nice device that can be used in a whole range of different situations. One thing to note is that you will still need some form of software to analyse the recordings. These applications will record and also display during recording, but will not allow you to review an analyse the signals, you will still need something like <a href="http://www.batsound.com/?p=15" target="_blank">Batsound</a> or the new <a href="http://www.batsound.com/?p=120" target="_blank">Batsound Touch</a> for that.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-5451144662563668892014-06-16T03:58:00.001-07:002014-06-17T01:34:33.698-07:00Bat lures<br />
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #365f91;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">How to make a bat lure.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Acoustic lures are now sometimes being used for bat surveys
whereby ultrasound is used to attract bats to mist nets or harp traps. This can
be especially valuable in dense woodland which is difficult to survey, and
where bats may be feeding high up in the canopy. The addition of acoustic lures
to Natural England Class 19 and 20 licenses also means that more consultants
are now able to use this technique.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The broadcast of ultrasound has always been problematic
however. Most commercial loudspeakers only work up to the low 20 kHz range, and
even then are relatively low-powered. The excellent Ultrasound Advice S55
loudspeaker and amplifier is no longer available which used to be the only
commercially available speaker to be able to output at sufficiently high levels
over the full ultrasound range used by bats.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">There are now a number of commercially available acoustic
lure systems, but here I will show how it is possible to make an acoustic lure
for bats and generate the sound files necessary based on separate components
which are currently available.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The two major limitations are the loudspeaker, and the
signal generator.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">The speaker<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Pettersson L400 ultrasound loudspeaker is a specialised
tweeter housed within a rugged aluminium box and powered by either eight AA
batteries or a 12-28 Volt external supply. It can handle a frequency range of
between 10-110 kHz at up to 100 dB SPL at 1 m. It has a built-in volume control
knob and a female phono connection to accept input signals. It’s available from
NHBS at £1400 or direct from Pettersson.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">There is also a standard camera tripod mounting bush on one
side allowing it to be mounted on a tripod. The frequency response (below)
shows it more than capable of outputting signals over the range used for
acoustic lures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnEZyfrIzPpnufXw7OlIyyKS85GTBHShDO_bg9D-MhT4nlDzOyzqeRswQ8oAsisAFL8OZUGhHuScQhUMmiRj6E2PE6iYbhNWfXlDC8moRG86b2fHCgTq5oqLU4O0qHNj3MaWpokFH0fLY/s1600/Frequency+response.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnEZyfrIzPpnufXw7OlIyyKS85GTBHShDO_bg9D-MhT4nlDzOyzqeRswQ8oAsisAFL8OZUGhHuScQhUMmiRj6E2PE6iYbhNWfXlDC8moRG86b2fHCgTq5oqLU4O0qHNj3MaWpokFH0fLY/s1600/Frequency+response.png" height="248" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The extended frequency response should also allow realistic
reproduction of bat echolocation calls, but this would require very high
sampling sound cards (which are only now becoming available) or digital to
analogue output cards running via data acquisition software such as Labview.
There are now some sound cards that operate at 192 kHz which could potentially
allow playback of frequencies up to 85 kHz.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">The broadcast system<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This used to be a severe limitation in the broadcast of
ultrasound signals in that you need a sampling rate at least twice that of the
highest frequency signal you want to output. The typical industry standard
maximum sampling rate was 44.1 kHz, meaning that you could only output signals
up to 22 kHz. This would actually work fine for social calls of pipistrelles,
but is a bit of a limitation for anything else. However, improvements in
technology and demands from consumers for better quality audio has meant that
higher sampling rates are now available in small affordable devices, and the
new maximum sampling rate often quoted is 96 kHz. This means that it should be
possible to output signals at up to 48 kHz, good enough for low frequency bats.
The broadcast of full bat echolocation calls is still very specialist and
usually requires complex (and expensive) data acquisition cards. However, 48
kHz is more than good enough for an acoustic lure.<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioJRHiSPoAQtQ_ZqQIW5T8lRFD3BlGUg0gFd4SRd1r7Dki6q2KozlzDji9Lev-wMmC9PTY9IaK-7GJh2AhjpNzu-zTTb8rBJWFlnS5Szdu222tND4eYNUvHC4dorPMUsJFsbwcL8LozK4/s1600/R-09.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioJRHiSPoAQtQ_ZqQIW5T8lRFD3BlGUg0gFd4SRd1r7Dki6q2KozlzDji9Lev-wMmC9PTY9IaK-7GJh2AhjpNzu-zTTb8rBJWFlnS5Szdu222tND4eYNUvHC4dorPMUsJFsbwcL8LozK4/s1600/R-09.jpg" height="320" width="193" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">One such device is the Roland R-05 recorder (sometimes
marketed under the Edirol brand – Edirol being just a brand used by Roland).
While this device can sample at up to 96 kHz, so theoretically output up to 48
kHz, the specification shows it limited to 40 kHz, probably due to
anti-aliasing filters somewhere along the line. The Zoom devices such as the
Zoom H1, H2 and H4 also appear to have 96 kHz sampling rates, so should also be
suitable, though I haven’t been able to find any specifications on the actual available
bandwidth. If you don’t have one of these devices, you could also use the
speaker (line) output from a laptop if it supports the higher sampling rates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Connecting the two<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">All you will need to do now is to connect the recorder to
the speaker, and for this you will need a 3.5mm stereo jack to phono lead. The
jack goes into the recorder, and one of the phono leads attaches to the
speaker. For the recorder, it is important to put the lead into the Line-out
socket, not the headphones socket. If you recorder does not have a line-out
socket, the headphone socket may be configurable as a line-out socket through
the device’s menu or by a switch. Have a look at the manual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">As your recorder is a stereo device, it can create two
separate tracks for each file, a left and a right. If you create the file on
one channel (see below) then you will need to connect the right end of the lead
to the phono socket on the loudspeaker. The easy way to remember this is that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">R</b>ed is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">R</b>ight. So if you create your file with the lure sound on the right
channel, connect the red lead, if it’s on the left channel, connect the white
lead. If it’s on both channels it doesn’t make any difference which lead you
use. It’s also possible to create a mono file that doesn’t have two separate
channels, so again, connect either lead. I don’t suggest you do this as some modern
digital devices have trouble with mono files and don’t know what to do with
them. It’s safer to create a stereo file as you know it will work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now that you have the hardware set up, all you need to do
now is to create the lure sound files.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Creating the lure files<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">One of the easiest and most versatile pieces of software to
generate lure files is Adobe Audition, however, this is a costly piece of
software (about £250), so I’ll show how to do it in Audacity, an excellent
freeware program available for Windows, Linux and Macs from:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<a href="http://audacity.sourceforge.net/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://audacity.sourceforge.net/</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">So download and install Audacity, which is quite a small
program so installs very quickly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">You should now be looking at something like that below:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCtXKjIgxFDWObyNyGhBalJVFloQvrVtzBUW45PAKOpH7wV-_sQchbTM8u-7FwG9W-1tc95R-xETMX2XBfmaMYd2PmZicUgsgJqDljYdjmu_FfurfuIbhqi0vNTyZpO5xyaPofEMSsUik/s1600/Audacity+main+screen.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCtXKjIgxFDWObyNyGhBalJVFloQvrVtzBUW45PAKOpH7wV-_sQchbTM8u-7FwG9W-1tc95R-xETMX2XBfmaMYd2PmZicUgsgJqDljYdjmu_FfurfuIbhqi0vNTyZpO5xyaPofEMSsUik/s1600/Audacity+main+screen.PNG" height="318" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The first thing we need to do is to change the project
settings to reflect both the correct data type and the correct sampling rate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Go to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edit>Preferences</b>
then select ‘<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quality</b>’ and change the
settings for the Default Sample rate to 96000 Hz and the Default Sample Format
to 16-bit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtGN6wovI7W23MzLabnyNQojQtbiDDR1k0QVa1Aj504K0H3mr5mOAjVdJvS1rc5i-E1Kru1FA95jbN-JZfTnT3NZbk92WmcbNa2Fe4SUwz7TtvLwGBASh2Lb_eHYLB82dGOMXWLk1hWy0/s1600/quality.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtGN6wovI7W23MzLabnyNQojQtbiDDR1k0QVa1Aj504K0H3mr5mOAjVdJvS1rc5i-E1Kru1FA95jbN-JZfTnT3NZbk92WmcbNa2Fe4SUwz7TtvLwGBASh2Lb_eHYLB82dGOMXWLk1hWy0/s1600/quality.png" height="242" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Roland recorder, and many others, are capable of
recording and outputting files at 24 bit. However, for our purposes, this just
means that the files are bigger and there is a greater risk of them not
outputting correctly, so it’s safer to stick to 16 bit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Then click ‘OK’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">You should now see that the project rate in the bottom left
hand corner of the screen says 96000 Hz.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now we’re ready to generate out lure files.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">There is a great deal of debate about what acoustic lure
files work best, and it’s still a matter of trial and error, so we’ll create
one that has the elements of those which are suggested to work well. Once we can create
one, then we can tweak all the components as much as we like.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">First, create a new blank track.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Go to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tracks>Add
New>Stereo Track</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This should create a new blank audio track that we can put
out generated signals into. By default, what we generate in one track should
also happen in the other track too.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaamoPF_X-JJHSa05DN5Y2Fczxr1p_VnxMmeryFNO0SyxtvoZQpcZ4XSMkE0bzLh2ewmaKrvGxWjKpgoIrIMhOpL9GEuIQvfD4-rSjMZLY9kgTy_H_waYENtm6wsqtmIa_tP_XNsctikI/s1600/two+tracks.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaamoPF_X-JJHSa05DN5Y2Fczxr1p_VnxMmeryFNO0SyxtvoZQpcZ4XSMkE0bzLh2ewmaKrvGxWjKpgoIrIMhOpL9GEuIQvfD4-rSjMZLY9kgTy_H_waYENtm6wsqtmIa_tP_XNsctikI/s1600/two+tracks.png" height="320" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1036" style="height: 362.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 450.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Vespero\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">So now we’re looking at two tracks, click the mouse into one
of the tracks at the far left hand side.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Then go to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Generate>Chirp</b>
and in the box that appears, select the waveform as Sine, the start frequency
as 35000, the end frequency as 25000, the start amplitude as 0, the end
amplitude as 1, the interpolation as logarithmic and the Duration as 00.025
seconds, as shown below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Then click OK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_z03LnRl4o7rAmWKC5H5q1PK7x6JzKqaK0e3UZ2yq5dr6Zv1bkhubRz886cMFHfkOOBOhHuPuL5GbBaCBJUJAvZJ_cHU_PuEkbh0Gt9yR99MFNVNsCozRI2pFyfVQ9Snynh1stuhyW9I/s1600/chirp+generator.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_z03LnRl4o7rAmWKC5H5q1PK7x6JzKqaK0e3UZ2yq5dr6Zv1bkhubRz886cMFHfkOOBOhHuPuL5GbBaCBJUJAvZJ_cHU_PuEkbh0Gt9yR99MFNVNsCozRI2pFyfVQ9Snynh1stuhyW9I/s1600/chirp+generator.png" height="292" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1035" style="height: 197.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 3in;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Vespero\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This will generate a tone that will start quiet at 35 kHz,
then sweep down logarithmically to reach maximum intensity at 25 kHz 25 ms
later. This is the first half of our tone. We now need to make it sweep back up
again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvK8SwsjEmArDtVU_GNXJvhL5aE7PBkw1nyjfBTUY1ZViy_mdiAwj3bjgsICqN5jMTXwtFtmjcfuSBjebdzePP25RhaJkNniFn1h-4vjxYT4J-n4aelH4avkJ7zQkUXhAXnB4XAGvDAH8/s1600/chirp+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvK8SwsjEmArDtVU_GNXJvhL5aE7PBkw1nyjfBTUY1ZViy_mdiAwj3bjgsICqN5jMTXwtFtmjcfuSBjebdzePP25RhaJkNniFn1h-4vjxYT4J-n4aelH4avkJ7zQkUXhAXnB4XAGvDAH8/s1600/chirp+1.png" height="151" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1034" style="height: 173.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 450.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Vespero\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This time, select the right most side of the signal you have
just generated, but now go to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Generate>Chirp</b>,
but do the opposite, start at 25000 and intensity 1, and end at 35000 intensity
0, with the duration still set to 0.025 seconds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" style="height: 198.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 215.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Vespero\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">If you now go to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">View>Fit
In Window</b>, you should see the signal looking something like this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDx8L4SoJUku5tO9XSZxQt1BMXqjkwnVXEsrMGVbmBcGrzLeSGOjSr1oAfdXrAcDXZmNXXTA7j4mACV2HYnz5MIGkCnf8KVMP_PeLDR_hO8Fvo1RfOfExYBVHTvdX1E3vQGzc7DFRFc-s/s1600/chirp+3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDx8L4SoJUku5tO9XSZxQt1BMXqjkwnVXEsrMGVbmBcGrzLeSGOjSr1oAfdXrAcDXZmNXXTA7j4mACV2HYnz5MIGkCnf8KVMP_PeLDR_hO8Fvo1RfOfExYBVHTvdX1E3vQGzc7DFRFc-s/s1600/chirp+3.png" height="145" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 165pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 451.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Vespero\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">So now we have a signal that starts at 35 kHz, sweeps down
to 25 kHz, then back up to 35 kHz in 50 ms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The sonogram, (in Batsound) looks like this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDfjrrtS9ruQjcUhM0LSWdxngbJOYIAA43KpWf1Ujr4YGt7qlI8VKHuwuEHWJ8jSbIYKXdNf4DUCDkkML5jop486sc5DqKiul0-5zPgDy_Jh-YHlfaBwg8vaLXcUdHC90alW_oYb-Xq9w/s1600/chirp+4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDfjrrtS9ruQjcUhM0LSWdxngbJOYIAA43KpWf1Ujr4YGt7qlI8VKHuwuEHWJ8jSbIYKXdNf4DUCDkkML5jop486sc5DqKiul0-5zPgDy_Jh-YHlfaBwg8vaLXcUdHC90alW_oYb-Xq9w/s1600/chirp+4.png" height="317" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 359.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 450.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Vespero\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Notice that there is a little frequency<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘blip’ at the bottom of the sweep, this is
caused by the joining of the two signals that are not quite in phase. This is a
little messy, which is why it’s easier to generate these files in Adobe
Audition where we can generate these frequency modulations more easily, but we
can live with this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now we have one sweep cycle, we can just copy and paste the
generated file as often as we like to build up a sequence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Click the mouse onto the left hand of the waveform and
either drag it to the right hand side, or click over the left hand side of the
waveform and hold down the Shift key and use the right hand arrow button to
select the whole waveform. This is better as the selection stops when you reach
the right hand side.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The select <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edit>Copy</b>
and click or use the cursor keys to select the right hand end of the waveform
and lick <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edit>Paste</b> or use
Control+V and you’ve added a copy of the waveform, so now you have two up and
down cycles. If you can’t see it all, go to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">View>Fit In Window</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now go to the end of the next waveform and press Control+V
again, and you get another one, go to the end of that one and press Control+V
and so on. I’d suggest perhaps ten cycles, so the total lasts now 500 ms. In
Batsound it now looks like this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVG3pZTzIRKgcKk45Xhb7UaSqKpp59fMlOOqesetf61nfRB1Ii7hgZCDM7VeRHmk33l66XIXoBoBVZThuZsxWp03eTS225g-bKZp20pRgUZWJTAKdnKg1DD6hyphenhyphennIt30ImGaTigC5vWhmc/s1600/chirp+5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVG3pZTzIRKgcKk45Xhb7UaSqKpp59fMlOOqesetf61nfRB1Ii7hgZCDM7VeRHmk33l66XIXoBoBVZThuZsxWp03eTS225g-bKZp20pRgUZWJTAKdnKg1DD6hyphenhyphennIt30ImGaTigC5vWhmc/s1600/chirp+5.png" height="312" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 353.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 450.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Vespero\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now we could leave it at that, and it will work, but it’s
nice to have a bit of a lead in and lead out time, so we’ll put some silences
at the beginning and end, I suggest<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>500
ms will do.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Select the very start of your sequence, and then go to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Generate>Silence</b>. In the box put in
00.500s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip2qoZ7Q1zoaBZ-mIs3JAILz-CzCstO0HIpldUVZFCRf5Ok73p8LD4rxAWTSsde_zRzeIR_rx0bllO0VulKsTVYn1If_jqATXYvtbomRyuzxYqqPol9p9AquLDyvwaHFSeK6CxfXZjizE/s1600/chirp+6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip2qoZ7Q1zoaBZ-mIs3JAILz-CzCstO0HIpldUVZFCRf5Ok73p8LD4rxAWTSsde_zRzeIR_rx0bllO0VulKsTVYn1If_jqATXYvtbomRyuzxYqqPol9p9AquLDyvwaHFSeK6CxfXZjizE/s1600/chirp+6.png" height="173" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_14" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 108.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 201pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Vespero\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Click OK, then go to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">View>Fit
in Window</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Do the same at the end of the track to add a 500 ms silence
at the end.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">And that’s it! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The final file looks like this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSbXU3h5ynPfl7HK4AfQkOZoVpKa8nBCGEkVAN6c1MvRRwdhSBHfnsGTT-QuCTHazspn5Qb9CUGKaApmlhVf-ojV-qndqlROb5RmvymcZzM6AHpO2yk7o6RzqeeTIOaYannR7GAWtJgF4/s1600/chirp+7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSbXU3h5ynPfl7HK4AfQkOZoVpKa8nBCGEkVAN6c1MvRRwdhSBHfnsGTT-QuCTHazspn5Qb9CUGKaApmlhVf-ojV-qndqlROb5RmvymcZzM6AHpO2yk7o6RzqeeTIOaYannR7GAWtJgF4/s1600/chirp+7.png" height="313" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 354pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 450.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Vespero\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">You can now save your file as a .wav file onto the memory
card of your recorder go to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">File>Export</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and choose WAV file format, paying attention
to any specific file format rules that might apply to your recorder. The Roland
R-05 should be able to play files with any name.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD5ExmcrCaF_hakOzlfF5qbz9o_KnulvvrafJpjMZSyI_l096B8MFm4WMZobsxy-y2xDrawX6GQZT5HLtyw_mf42nGCMjZJUhEvwzrAaEgqylm3tDh58tsa79p8wew_w3I8TJ2NhMqpgk/s1600/chirp+8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD5ExmcrCaF_hakOzlfF5qbz9o_KnulvvrafJpjMZSyI_l096B8MFm4WMZobsxy-y2xDrawX6GQZT5HLtyw_mf42nGCMjZJUhEvwzrAaEgqylm3tDh58tsa79p8wew_w3I8TJ2NhMqpgk/s1600/chirp+8.png" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_21" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 258.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 345pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Vespero\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">After exporting your .wav file, you can save your project
file, it is saved as an .aup file which audacity can then edit again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">If you have a repeat play function on your recorder, then
simply play the file but set it to repeat over and over. If you don’t have a
repeat play option, then simply copy and then paste the whole of your sequence at
the end of the preceding part to double it up, and then copy and paste again to
double that up and so on until you have a sequence the length you need.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Once you have mastered the general principles you can create
files of almost any structure by combining sweeps, tones, silences, noise and
so on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">If you want to make more complex amplitude modulations (i.e.
change the loudness up and down), then a good way is to use the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Envelope Tool</b>, which allows you to
select different parts of the waveform and then drag their amplitude up and
down as shown below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Audacity is a very sophisticated program, and there are
better ways of achieving the same end but this requires the use of scripting to
combine two or more waveforms to achieve both the frequency modulation and the
amplitude modulation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">If the clicks bother you at the bottom of the waveforms then
you can use Audacity to high pass the signal above 20 kHz (go to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Effect>High Pass Filter</b> then set the
slider to 20000 Hz).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It may be that the
bats like the clicks. The signals that they seem attracted to bear no relation
to their normal social calls, perhaps they’re just very inquisitive animals?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Using real social calls<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">One final note is that if you have recordings of real social
calls, you might want to use those instead. However, you will need to convert
the sample rate to that of the output device. In principle, this is can be
easily done in Audacity, but there are a number of issues to consider.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you have files
from a D500x, D1000x or other device that streams the sound files to a memory
card, then the file header has the real sample rate embedded within it, such as
500 kHz. In this case if you simply open the file and go to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tracks>Resample</b> option and type in
the new sample rate, Audacity will resample the track down to the new sample
rate which should match that of the recorder i.e. 96 kHz to maintain both the
duration and the frequencies of the original signal. However, you are in effect
aliasing the signal by resampling at too low a sample rate to preserve all the
information. This means that parts of the signal higher than 48 kHz will be
aliased which may create some unwanted lower frequency elements. Anything below
48 kHz should remain unaffected. It does seem though that Audacity will automatically low-pass the signal before resampling, meaning that aliasing should not be a problem, though obviously anything above 40 kHz will be lost.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The situation is a little more complicated for time-expanded
signals which have been recorded on an external recorder. Say a 2 second
sequence has been recorded and output as 10x time expansion so that it lasts 20
seconds and recorded onto an external device at a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz. If
we resampled this signal up to 96 kHz, we would still have a 20 second long
track where all the frequencies were 10x lower than we needed, we would just
have a signal with a higher sampling rate.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">First we need to change the sample rate in the file header
to make the sequence 2 seconds long again, and so with the drop down box from
the ‘<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Audio Track</b>’ option to the
right of the track, select ‘<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Set Rate</b>’
and choose a sample rate 10x that of the original file – if it was 44.1 kHz,
select<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Other</b>’ and type in 441,000 Hz (note that Audacity works in Hz
rather than kHz so always multiply any kHz frequencies by 1,000).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now we have a file of the right length (2 seconds) and with
the right frequencies, we have to choose the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tracks>Resample</b> option and set it to 96 kHz, to allow out
recorder to play it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p>It should be pointed out that resampling can sometimes introduce some nasty artefacts into recordings, so always look (and listen) to the recordings afterwards to make sure they are faithful to the original.</o:p></span><br />
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p><br />
I should add of course that ultrasound is very directional, and will be beamed quite tightly from the loudspeaker, higher frequencies being more directional. So a low frequency (15-20 kHz) signal will be broadcast quite widely, while a 40 kHz signal will be pretty directional. The Sussex Autobat has the famous 'twiddler' that broadcasts that signal around (and also adds some amplitude and frequency modulations that appear to make the signal more attractive), so using the L400 it would be best to change the direction of broadcast frequently during a session.<br />
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Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-68233727452430688392014-06-04T06:37:00.000-07:002014-06-06T03:03:15.210-07:00Pettersson M500 Review<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkUnppkDQuugUAK1uUbqZFyz8pUdA-CtzgfOzaqiT0rn6hVOIMrgvBPhTVv_2vYUH4XKp3H9zOrzB1So90yy13FfsZhzN_1VciAtOdImfzIrnZnD3qNTopnDrYgLO-iqzC5tQhqtDfGWE/s1600/IMG_3241.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkUnppkDQuugUAK1uUbqZFyz8pUdA-CtzgfOzaqiT0rn6hVOIMrgvBPhTVv_2vYUH4XKp3H9zOrzB1So90yy13FfsZhzN_1VciAtOdImfzIrnZnD3qNTopnDrYgLO-iqzC5tQhqtDfGWE/s1600/IMG_3241.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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I've been lucky enough to try out the new Pettersson M500 detector over the past few months. This is a small hand-held device that allows you to both view and record full spectrum bat echolocation calls onto a windows laptop or tablet. The principle is that rather than record echolocation calls onto the device, or onto a separate recorder and analyse them later, you can record the calls directly onto your laptop/tablet via a USB cable. Not only that, but you can actually see what you are recording at the same time as well.<br />
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While this seems like a new idea, in fact Pettersson Electronik produced a special version of Batsound some years ago that allowed you to record onto a laptop via a PCMCIA data acquisition card. The limited computing power and battery life of laptops at the time, plus the cost of the data acquisition card made this something of a specialist item however, though the quality of recordings made via this method was outstanding. Now, with better faster electronics, and a price below £400, we have the M500.<br />
<h3>
What do you get?</h3>
The initial package is surprisingly small, giving some hint as to the size of the device, but it's only when you unwrap it from the plain box that the tiny size of the device is brought home.<br />
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It's a tiny little thing, very light but it feels solid and robust and seems to be mostly made from aluminium, so should take a fair bit of field use. There are with no buttons, just a small translucent spot behind which is a red LED to show you when it's operating, but more of that later.</div>
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The little cone on the front protects the microphone, which is the same electret microphone used in the D500x static logger. The cone also enhances the directionality of the microphone and its on-axis sensitivity, and can be removed if you want to make the detector more omnidirectional.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUnIdexjkXWmMWKrSRcHXNK8UuvkkxEfbN8xbFQdu5fSDLbHa-s0YonOWpWpv25TCVAynK8B9LyN1N0dYFgP5D_mh87dg7JK10FPNHUVww1HK9ATrWh-0eaJuVlsshAvVT1hqxeAOc4pI/s1600/IMG_3246.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUnIdexjkXWmMWKrSRcHXNK8UuvkkxEfbN8xbFQdu5fSDLbHa-s0YonOWpWpv25TCVAynK8B9LyN1N0dYFgP5D_mh87dg7JK10FPNHUVww1HK9ATrWh-0eaJuVlsshAvVT1hqxeAOc4pI/s1600/IMG_3246.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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To remove the cone you simply gently twist and pull. Doing this does leave the microphone rather exposed, and while these microphones are reasonably robust, they can be damaged by water, so unless you have a real need to do this, I would suggest leaving the cone on.</div>
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At the other end is the USB connection. Mine came with a curly UBS lead that extended out to about 60cm, but as there is a highly standardised USB mini-B socket on the bottom, any decent quality cable should do. I would be cautious about leads over 2m as due to the high data throughput, there might be signal loss along the way. The device is powered via the USB socket as well, so no need for batteries.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6mDo4pS6Q3Bg0sFwmWF2E9jB9kfH-X9OraaIpuOXZeOJ7DgFQdRy7C22yRN9bLTbVs88xqo4ecpy-dtW5EAXAdA0Du3pjO5vtZ7kd0OIgCWMf-uBrAOWFuZjKZx5tUikJifpLe-4SyDU/s1600/IMG_3247.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6mDo4pS6Q3Bg0sFwmWF2E9jB9kfH-X9OraaIpuOXZeOJ7DgFQdRy7C22yRN9bLTbVs88xqo4ecpy-dtW5EAXAdA0Du3pjO5vtZ7kd0OIgCWMf-uBrAOWFuZjKZx5tUikJifpLe-4SyDU/s1600/IMG_3247.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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And that basically is that, a small box with a microphone and a lead, and I assume some wild electronics inside.</div>
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Specifications</h3>
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The box itself can sample at up to 500 kHz at 16 bit resolution. This is quite a remarkable feat, and one that should ensure very high quality recordings. The electret microphone, while arguably not as sensitive at higher frequencies as the capacitance microphone of the D1000x, is certainly very good and also much more robust and resistant to humidity. Recordings using the same microphone in the D500x show that it is a very capable performer indeed. The box also appears to have a built in anti-aliasing filter set at 190 kHz meaning that all bats with the exception of a few tropical species, can be recorded.</div>
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Software</h3>
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The bundled software allows you to record and view files and is compatible with Windows Vista, 7 and 8, both 32 and 64 bit versions. I have installed it on a range of machines and had a few minor issues that were quickly resolved.</div>
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There are separate installation files for Windows Vista and 7 and for Windows 8, so you need to select the correct ones. The problems I encountered were that either installation failed or on starting the software I received an error message. This turned out to be having outdated .NET frameworks and an older Visual Studio C++ re-distributable. These are components of the Windows operating system, so if you computer is up to date, you should be ok, otherwise you may need to install them from the Microsoft website. As the software is 32 bit, if you are using a 64 bit machine (most Windows 8 machines are) you need to make sure you have the 32 bit Visual Studio C++ redistributable installed as well as the 64 bit version.</div>
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A very important thing to note is that you should install the software BEFORE plugging the M500 into a USB port, otherwise the device drivers may not install properly.</div>
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The M500 will also be supported in the new version of Batsound due out later this year.</div>
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If all has gone well, you should now be running BatMicRecorder and should be looking at something similar to that below.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7tt_15iV_0ngTcMAfTbQF_sfQWLJXuWhMEts-TacUnO3S6iNnenht1FijGHUeET7WdT6l_MbBpz6sCoR7Pf4y-aA0SC8LcVb5mHaavzMlWir2RGASMf6_1fFtwgCQdW1t4f1cZPvobbs/s1600/M500+button.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7tt_15iV_0ngTcMAfTbQF_sfQWLJXuWhMEts-TacUnO3S6iNnenht1FijGHUeET7WdT6l_MbBpz6sCoR7Pf4y-aA0SC8LcVb5mHaavzMlWir2RGASMf6_1fFtwgCQdW1t4f1cZPvobbs/s1600/M500+button.PNG" /></a></div>
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The very minimal look is both for the limited screen space on small tablets and also to reduce the load on the computer's cpu due to the vast amount of data about to be streamed through it.</div>
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The fun begins when you click the 'Start Sampling' button, and get the following...</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7HiJ6gm4wJUdRUiaBeIpjvNkWxQBbcr2m4Tv_u5dl3inFbwyHGeHeelKletKKBePXlnQw_mzNYb9fltR6vawes5WPoyRQ4oZbjOD8xRMICH_SYFmrUstVnwuvX-z40Q2aAq1XXW7dxN0/s1600/M500+screen.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7HiJ6gm4wJUdRUiaBeIpjvNkWxQBbcr2m4Tv_u5dl3inFbwyHGeHeelKletKKBePXlnQw_mzNYb9fltR6vawes5WPoyRQ4oZbjOD8xRMICH_SYFmrUstVnwuvX-z40Q2aAq1XXW7dxN0/s1600/M500+screen.PNG" height="584" width="640" /></a></div>
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The software - BatMicRecorder</h3>
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The software has really been designed for automatic logging. This puzzled me at first as I was expecting a big button on the microphone marked 'go' so it took some time to get used to the fact that you need to set up the software to record automatically. There are a lot of functions to customise how the software works, and it does take some time to find your way around the various options, so I will only deal with the major features here. It's also important to point out that while the software allows you to see what you are recording, it doesn't allow any analysis after capture. For that you'll need Batsound or some other package. Fortunately as the files are standard .wav files and are time and date stamped in the file name, this can be anything you are used to, though some freeware packages might not like the high sampling rate. Batscan, while reporting the correct sample rate, doesn't seem to want to display the frequency correctly. One work-around is to open the files in Audacity (freeware) and either view them there or convert the sample rate down to 50 kHz using the 'Set Rate' command which changes the sampling rate in the file header and then view the files as 10x time expansion ones.</div>
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Capturing the signal</h4>
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Firstly, and most importantly, you have two modes to capture the signal. These are 'Automatic' and 'Circular'. By default, the recorder starts in Automatic mode. Note that there is a rather confusing tick box also labelled 'Auto' this does not switch the recorder to automatic mode, rather it enables the 'Auto arm' function that allows the recorder to automatically reset itself so that after capturing one sequence it then waits for the next trigger to capture the next sequence. Without this check box enabled, the recorder will record one sequence and then stop and you have to manually push the 'record' button to start it again.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3c0w6SaMtIQjjXcsv8rdD9vKSig-2CboHQtDZRy0g2x9sZNNmkkirVhkh53F211lqvVbd9hY6BloQTeIAs2TYoelN43n66o6DUxXVpDyQ0qA6dzEi-dWBCn63L85r1cEGotSuoGeOhDQ/s1600/trigger.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3c0w6SaMtIQjjXcsv8rdD9vKSig-2CboHQtDZRy0g2x9sZNNmkkirVhkh53F211lqvVbd9hY6BloQTeIAs2TYoelN43n66o6DUxXVpDyQ0qA6dzEi-dWBCn63L85r1cEGotSuoGeOhDQ/s1600/trigger.PNG" height="255" width="400" /></a></div>
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For the automatic record mode, you can select how long to record for in steps of 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30 seconds, 1 minute or manual. In manual mode, it carries on recording until you press 'abort'. You can also set a pre-trigger length of 0 seconds (off), 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 or 1 second. The pre-trigger allows the software to go back through the recording to before the trigger point. You total recoding time them becomes Recording length + pre-trigger.</div>
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The circular mode is essentially a manual record mode where all the data is pre-trigger. You can select from a record length of 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 seconds. On pressing 'record' the device continually acquires data into a circular memory buffer. If you selected a record length of 10 seconds, then once the buffer is filled up after ten seconds, the data acquired from seconds 10-11 overwrites the data acquired from seconds 0-1 and so on. Once you see or hear and bat and press the 'stop' button, all the data acquired before that point (10 seconds worth) is saved to file. Any trigger settings you have input have no effect in this mode as you control the recording manually and should be greyed out.</div>
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Trigger settings</h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfK3vEEIW7uAn5jVY24-LObK-1lpwfccesPP-ObCGYvPLDYV0kINvUNQXRJQC8Y7w3qEztVpnxzxW9JNC58kIu0cVEtpXW7LB3flpj5Or3Qhue392T23WyMhTxmOqprGvxIlVqJu3DJF4/s1600/trigger+2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfK3vEEIW7uAn5jVY24-LObK-1lpwfccesPP-ObCGYvPLDYV0kINvUNQXRJQC8Y7w3qEztVpnxzxW9JNC58kIu0cVEtpXW7LB3flpj5Or3Qhue392T23WyMhTxmOqprGvxIlVqJu3DJF4/s1600/trigger+2.PNG" height="200" width="400" /></a></div>
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How you set the trigger is very important to ensure that you don't miss bats but also don't acquire too much non-bat noise (such as the ever-rustling menace of the 'transect trousers'.). You have two options here, either 'Level' or 'Frequency'. Level is the simplest, in that you adjust the slider between 0% and 100% of the amplitude of the signal. If you have the live oscillogram enabled (Go to Show>Oscillogram) AND the check box marked 'Show' is clicked then you can see white lines that show the trigger level. If the signal goes above or below these lines then the system will trigger. There is a risk that other non-bat noise might trigger the system unless you have the trigger set very high.</div>
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A more sophisticated method is to use a frequency trigger. Enabling this allows you to adjust two frequency sliders which will define the bandwidth you are interested in. At its simplest you might select 20 kHz in one and 250 kHz in the second, which will look at anything ultrasonic and ignore anything in the normal sonic range. A more sophisticated way might be if you are interested in pipistrelles, set on to 40 kHz and the other to 60 kHz, or even more specific, lesser horseshoes, set one to 105 kHz and the other to 120 kHz. You then set the slider for the intensity (dB) that the signal has to reach before triggering the system. The lower the value, the more sensitive it is. Note that if you set a very low value the system may trigger itself from its own internal electronic noise and continually record.</div>
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The final setting in the trigger section.is the 'Single' check box. This means that once a signal exceeds the trigger level, the sonogram view and the oscillogram view are frozen so that you can see the signal in more detail. If you have the 'Auto' option enabled, then once a signal triggers the device it is shown for a few seconds before the system arms itself waiting for the next trigger.</div>
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The settings option</h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgGwotw_xOaoIcKR3hK5uwLgeZM-5GvBiNpync1NuNH7UOr_tGZ-KD6RVtogUW4ZMyIwq7niqnz7Er4DUQD4PWZxBnU1vup_oy4DlVfmyn6Hr4dQ4q-B7vTm9VVGeGgNII4tDR4tm56cs/s1600/settings2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgGwotw_xOaoIcKR3hK5uwLgeZM-5GvBiNpync1NuNH7UOr_tGZ-KD6RVtogUW4ZMyIwq7niqnz7Er4DUQD4PWZxBnU1vup_oy4DlVfmyn6Hr4dQ4q-B7vTm9VVGeGgNII4tDR4tm56cs/s1600/settings2.png" height="216" width="400" /></a></div>
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This confused me a little at first as you get a series of options for controlling the horizontal axis time scale which is simple enough, but also a series of settings for recorder settings, such as oscillogram, spectrogram, grid and audio. What these do is to turn off those displays/audio <strong>while the recording is taking place</strong>. This can stop breaks in the recording due to the pc not being able to keep up with the rate at which data is being acquired. You can check this by looking at the throughput written at the bottom of the window 9see bottom of image below. This shows the acquisition rate currently being used. It's important to check this during a few test recordings of about 10 seconds or more. If it drops below 500,000 (goes red) there is a risk that some data may not be recorded. The occasional drop into red is not an issue as there is a data buffer for the data so it may be able to catch up later on. If it stays below red, disable the spectrogram view from the setings>recorder settings menu to free up cpu resources.</div>
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Display options</h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH-3hsMa-qghmXrrcz-UyDRAZSO-dXDDFhjK8kGig2kyDWTjgFeqwZozRqiYOwd_oJLyAQi4-AbZQPYxPlUjuzlVHre8Rt_bLsAZkxrI0XUww3FEFqMMpPANdHJN3KZBOyzRN6wXg6YXE/s1600/settings.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH-3hsMa-qghmXrrcz-UyDRAZSO-dXDDFhjK8kGig2kyDWTjgFeqwZozRqiYOwd_oJLyAQi4-AbZQPYxPlUjuzlVHre8Rt_bLsAZkxrI0XUww3FEFqMMpPANdHJN3KZBOyzRN6wXg6YXE/s1600/settings.PNG" height="170" width="640" /></a></div>
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The set of options at the bottom allow you to configure how the software looks. You have a range of options for controlling the spectrogram colours, threshold, FFT size and spectrogram and oscillogram scaling. Just play with them until you get the view you like, they don't affect the recordings at all. If you can't see them, go to the 'Show' menu and click on the 'Advanced' box. The show menu also lets you display various parts of the display, useful for saving space on small screens or cpu resources.</div>
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Audio</h4>
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The enable audio check box allows you to listen to the signals as they are being acquired. It uses a process of under-sampling which is to sample the audio at a lower rate than that needed to preserve the signal. in effect you are aliasing the signal to make it lower in frequency. The output sounds a little like a frequency divided output. The slider controls the volume. It's useful for listening for bats - turning your M500 and laptop into a kind of frequency-division detector, but it's best to listen through headphones or you may find that the audio output from your laptop gets re-recorded by the M500 and then output again and re-recorded creating both horrible recordings and nasty feedback. The audio option also uses up cpu resources, so if you have a lower-specified machine I would suggest turning it off if the system struggles.</div>
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Uses</h4>
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This is the tricky part, what do you use it for? It's a lovely thing, but what would you use it for in the field? Every consultant has their favourite way of working, some like to take out the best equipment going, others like to go minimalist. Personally I like a detector that has a 'go' button so that I can just watch bats and not equipment. For that reason I actually prefer a D240x with a recorder, small, not too many settings and good quality recordings. I probably wouldn't take a laptop/tablet in the field as I like to watch bats and not screens, but I can see that as an automatic recorder, you could set the trigger settings, set up the laptop/tablet to stay on when you closed the lid, put it in a rucksack and set off on your transect. Essentially you get the quality of a D500x at a fraction of the cost assuming you already have a laptop. Ditto for remote logging if you can leave the laptop in a safe place, such as in lofts or barn. It would however be perfect for education use to both see and hear echolocation calls as they happen.</div>
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Glitches</h4>
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Like most new products, especially software, there are bound to be a few issues. The most troubling was the installation of the C++ redistributable packages. Once this was sorted out, everything else went fine. Occasionally menu items don't work properly, or can't be selected, but this has always been solved by closing down the program and restarting. One issue I have had a few times is that if you leave the M500 attached, close the software and restart, an error is reported. Simply close the software, unplug the M500, plug it back in and restart the software. I'm sure software updates will gradually sort these minor problems out.</div>
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Examples</h3>
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A few examples of some bats to show you the screen outputs. I haven't particularly optimised the views in terms of spectrogram levels or time axes, but it gives you an idea of different species.</div>
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Pipistrelle</h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmkMFOjhnBp6y3qOxB1wmnmHv81iChfidJ2RSKJEEmvOrPpx-SFdcwwHGzBMa09MsiHfXCxn4wihN3UKIhLeHtqF3g7-uTd-9iwAMWCdzwz8ShApCmwqbVi_AixhzLNqTquwwrAGDMHuI/s1600/pipistrelles.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmkMFOjhnBp6y3qOxB1wmnmHv81iChfidJ2RSKJEEmvOrPpx-SFdcwwHGzBMa09MsiHfXCxn4wihN3UKIhLeHtqF3g7-uTd-9iwAMWCdzwz8ShApCmwqbVi_AixhzLNqTquwwrAGDMHuI/s1600/pipistrelles.png" height="579" width="640" /></a></div>
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Daubenton's</h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPpuwKVgIqmWmCzwNq7h6NwcrVtvsz8GosmcN5ND1mk6AHBf2J_BzXMQtN4ehQpMX7_uJ9ROj7z3VKXnishoyfy_mu3rW6qni0frLmXV6COzrOniMOQUL3pEBpfFKWj1pudXGdvNLhuDs/s1600/daubentons.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPpuwKVgIqmWmCzwNq7h6NwcrVtvsz8GosmcN5ND1mk6AHBf2J_BzXMQtN4ehQpMX7_uJ9ROj7z3VKXnishoyfy_mu3rW6qni0frLmXV6COzrOniMOQUL3pEBpfFKWj1pudXGdvNLhuDs/s1600/daubentons.png" height="579" width="640" /></a></div>
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Greater Horseshoe</h4>
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<h4>
Noctule</h4>
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Verdict</h4>
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This is really an amazing piece of kit, which for the price is even more amazing. You do have to ask yourself what you would use it for. This approach of screens in the field may not work for some and it's worth having a good long think about how you would use it. The quality of recordings is second to none save perhaps those from a D1000x at ten times the price. The size, sensitivity, versatility and quality make it very attractive for the price, though you will need a laptop or a tablet and some form of analysis software as well. Essentially it turns your laptop into a real-time bat analyser and data-logger, so perhaps the limitation is me for not being inventive enough to think of new ways of using it.</div>
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Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-41945675001711784892013-12-10T02:13:00.001-08:002013-12-10T02:13:12.285-08:00
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">I’ve been having a play with the free trial of Kaleidoscope
software from Wildlife Acoustics. This was partly prompted by the courses I’ve
been running on behalf of BCT for some of the larger consultancies who generate
far more data than they can ever analyse manually, so they are very keen to
embrace automated processing software. To test it I’ve run through some 10,000
files that I’ve manually looked through so I know what’s on them. These are
mostly from a Pettersson D500x, but there are also a large number of files from
the SM2BAT+.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The basic interface is modular, in that the file conversion
utility is free. You can use this to batch process and convert .wac files to
.wav and also zero crossing files. To this you can add the Kaleidoscope viewer
(£325) or opt for the Kaleidoscope Pro version which includes the viewer and a
set of classifiers for UK bats (£755). You can download and try Kaleidoscope
pro for 15 days to try it out, which is what I did.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">To start with, there has clearly been a lot of time spent on
the interface. It works nicely, is simple and does the job. One minor
irritation is that you can select an output directory that is above the data directory.
In other words, if you data is in C:\field_data, you can’t put the results
either in that directory, or in one above it such as C:\field_data\results.
They have to go into a directory at the same level or below the one you are
processing. If you are just processing files to classify them, don’t check any
of the output file formats unless you want copies of the processed files in
your results folder. With 60 GB of data to process, this can cause havoc!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">If you are classifying calls, you have the option of
switching in and out any of the current 11 species classifiers. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Myotis</i> is still lumped together
(sensibly), and the newest addition is a classifier for Nathusius’ pipistrelle.
There are two classifiers for lesser horseshoe, a normal one and one for the
192 kHz recording mode where lesser horseshoe calls would be aliased.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">To start, you select the directory on the left hand side of
calls you want to process. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can also
include sub-directories from this which is a nice feature meaning you can batch
process A LOT of files. You select or make an output folder on the right hand
side for the output files, select the classifiers you want to use (i.e. the
species you want to look for), hit ‘process files’ and go away for a cup of
tea, lunch or a mini-break to a top European destination depending on how many
files you need to process. For my files it took around 10-15 minutes per night
of data, which for this type of processing is very very fast. However, as this
is very CPU intensive, I couldn’t use my PC for anything else while the
processing was going on. If I did try, Kaleidoscope threw up a few file I/O
errors claiming that the file was too big to process. So best to leave it to do
its job. If you have a lot of detectors for a lot of nights, this could take
you a few days, so be mindful of that.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The output is presented as a table, but also output as a
.csv file to your selected results directory. It tells you the file name,
species ID, number of pulses and certainty of identification. You can then
click on each entry and that file opens up in the viewer which is a really nice
feature so you can check it and if necessary amend the identification. You can
also click on the column heading to sort by species to look for anything that
is not a pipistrelle. I have to say I’m not a great fan of the layout and look
of the viewer, but then I’ve used Batsound for years so am more used to that. I’m
sure you can customise the viewer to suit the look and layout you want.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">So how did it fare on identification? Well, I have to say it
did pretty well considering. It’s not overly keen to classify things, which I
like. I have used other software which is intent on suggesting the most bizarre
species. Nothing too odd came out of this, and it did seem to deal quite well
with the dreaded pipistrelle social calls which other software turns into
barbastelles among other things. There was a category of ‘noID’ which is where
the software admits it can’t identify something, which again is pretty honest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is quite keen to pull out <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">P. nathusii</i> (I downloaded it with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nathusii</i> classifier). So a P. pipistrellus with FmaxE at 41 kHz was
a nathusii, with high confidence which it clearly was not. This happened quite
a lot where groups of common pipistrelles were flying together and shifting
their call frequencies away from one another. Personally I wouldn’t take any
nathusii classification at face value without checking it manually.<br />
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It struggled with the big bats group. Obvious <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">N. noctula</i> were right, but some serotine/leislers FM-QCF calls were
attributed to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">N. noctula</i> when they
were too high for my liking. Also some higher QCF noctule calls at 22-23 kHz
were attributed to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">N. leisleri</i> when
the IPI was far too long to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">leisleri</i>.
Again, I’d like to have a look manually at all the big bat classifications.<br />
<br />
One bizarre occurrence was that high amplitude recordings of P. pygmaeus which
had nice harmonics at 110 kHz were picked up with 70% plus confidence as lesser
horseshoes rather than <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pygmaeus</i>, even
though they were lovely <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pygmaeus</i>
recordings. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">P. auritus</i> also cropped up a few times in the recordings but it was
usually a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Myotis</i>, so that needs
watching. It did a pretty decent job of ignoring pip social calls rather than
attributing them to something, again which is pretty good. <br />
<br />
The software did fail to deal with recordings which had more than one species
in them, but that’s not terribly surprising.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">One potentially more alarming issue was that I had about
five nights of data from inside a church which had a brown long-eared roost in
it. The software failed to find a single long-eared call even though there were
plenty of classic (weak) calls in the recordings, as well as the usual social
calls. This happened even when I turned the sensitivity up on the classifier
(there is a more accurate/more sensitive switch). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I wouldn’t be happy using this to find
long-eared bats in barn conversions for example without manually going through
the data. I even edited out good long-eared recordings and put individual files
through. It wasn’t that it didn’t classify them, it just couldn’t find them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In summary, it did a pretty good job as a pipistrelle
filter, and can be great for sorting out other species to check manually, but I’d
still want to have a look at any file that wasn’t a P. pipistrellus/pygmaeus to
check the classification. The software can save a great deal of time, and in
some larger scale surveys may be a necessity, but I would be reluctant to
accept any non-common or soprano pipistrelle identification at face value
without having a look at it first.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-51516719695901427132013-07-17T08:31:00.002-07:002013-07-17T08:31:54.613-07:00American-style bathouseHaving to potentially do a pipistrelle exclusion this summer, I thought I'd have a go at making and installing an American style bathouse on the building just to see if it worked. I used some modified plans from the Bat Conservation International (BCI) publication 'The bat house builder's handbook' to construct it. I had to adapt the plans slightly for the metric measurements so used a quarter sheet of 9mm ply and another of 12mm ply. I also used exterior grade plywood for the sides as this would make it more long-lasting I figured. This means you will need a little extra ply for this and luckily I had some scraps laying around. I also left out the ventilation holes as it's cooler in the UK, and added a bottom as well.<br />
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The total construction cost was around £70 but if you make them in bulk with four boxes to a full sheet of 9mm and 12mm ply, it should come down. I also added a roofing felt cap over the top to keep the rain off longer.<br />
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This is the ply all marked out ready for cutting.<br />
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This is the timber all cut out and ready for assembly.<br />
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The assembled and painted bat house with a 30cm ruler for scale.<br />
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View with the bottom door open at the four internal chambers.<br />
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Total construction time was about three hours, excluding painting.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-39963045556737539402013-07-09T02:40:00.000-07:002013-07-09T02:40:02.032-07:00D500x firmware upgradeThe new D500x firmware version 2.2.2 has been released. The trigger sensitivity option now allows for better rejection of noise events and there is a new timer option that can start and stop the detector relative to sunrise and sunset when you put in your latitude and longitude. Both are very welcome additions.<br />
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One of the most useful features I've found though is that the log file created during recording events shows the battery voltage through time. This really helps in choosing the right batteries for the duration the detector is used. I trialled it with an external battery case with four NiMh 'C' cells which gave out 4 x 1.2v = 4.8 V. You could see the voltage change through time until the detector got to 4.2 V when the detector stopped working. I'm sure with four alkaline C cells at a total of 4 x 1.5v = 6 V it would have been fine.<br />
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While we all want to be responsible and use rechargeables, it often just does not work with devices like this when you need them to be reliable and are not checking on the batteries all the time. Most of my NiMh AA cells are unusable after two seasons as they suddenly lose charge. I think the best power source is still a 6V lead-acid battery for long periods in the field.<br />
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I've had some lovely long-eared recordings from my D500x from a church recently, plus a load of very varied but wonderful social calls. Long-eard bats are certainly very talkative.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-89236286320775699842013-05-03T11:17:00.000-07:002013-05-03T11:17:23.424-07:00Batsound under WINE on Ubuntu 13.04Well Ubuntu 13.04 'Raring Ringtail' is here, and it makes for an easy upgrade, even on a dual boot Windows 7 machine, my only gripe being that it overwrote my Windows 7 bootloader with Grub-2, the Ubuntu boot loader. Not a problem unless you decide to remove Linux in which case you won't be able to easily boot into Windows. Batsound still works well under WINE but I still haven't sorted out the graphics export problem. The dialogue appears but the resulting image files are corrupted. Not a huge problem since Ubuntu has such a versatile set of screen grabbing and editing tools. I tried out <a href="http://www.codeweavers.com/">crossover</a> which is a commercial version of WINE to install Batsound. Again, this worked fine, and now in the export graphics image dialogue box the option to export to .jpg appears but the files are still empty or corrupted. As far as I can tell, all other functions like audio capture and playback work just fine under Ubuntu.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-58938073258539811212013-01-21T05:47:00.000-08:002013-01-21T05:47:10.198-08:00Still plugging away at Batsound on LinuxNot much closer to a solution for the saving of sonogram images from Batsound under Linux. It seems that WINE only has limited support fir JPEG, but then .png files would arguably be better for export anyway, preserving the crisp edges of text labels. It does look like there may be a way of configuring Widows drives under WINE, so that files would not have to be in the Linux partition. That's part of the fun of Linux, problem solving....Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-58531153051939002502013-01-18T05:38:00.000-08:002013-01-18T05:38:03.415-08:00Batsound under LinuxAfter someone asked me about sound analysis tools under Linux at the BCT conference in York it's been on my mind. There is the excellent Audacity, but this has limited tools of interest to the bat surveyor, good though it is. I had an old and very unresponsive laptop that was struggling with Windows XP (20 minutes to boot-up - not good), so I put Linux on it, Ubuntu 12.10. The installation was not without issue, the wireless networking especially, but once it was on I had a working, fast laptop. Now for Batsound....<br />
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I was expecting a fight, but it was actually very straightforward. First from Ubuntu software center install WINE (Wine Is Not Emulator). Then right click on the Batsound.msi file. It actually says in the WINE documentation that it will not install from an .msi, but this was fine. This will install it to a virtual C drive which is actually hosted on your Linux home partition. Enter your name, organisation and the serial number and off it goes.<br />
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Batsound then appears in your list of applications (DASH in Ubuntu), click on it and it runs! Just as fast as normal. I'll report any issues I find but at the moment the only thing I have found not working is that it won't save the workspace as an image file. Also, you can't access your normal C:\ drive for files. There must be a workaround for this somehow.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-6288470016767035402012-11-27T01:27:00.001-08:002012-11-27T01:28:37.949-08:00Just for fun, I uploaded a few videos of some work I did at Manchster University where we put dead bats into a micro CAT scanner. Taking the 4000 or so x-ray images of the bat as it rotated in the chamber I stitched them together into a film. I hasten to add that the bats had all died from natural causes and had been in my freezer for years. In the first one, of a Daubenton's bat, you can see nice details of the skull, teeth, Cochlea and shoulder.<br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxIdHgAy-Yc&feature=g-crec-u">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxIdHgAy-Yc&feature=g-crec-u</a><br />
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The second is of a long eared bat, you can see the ears as light shadows. Again, nice detail in the cochlea.<br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEiUoa6pERw&feature=g-crec-u">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEiUoa6pERw&feature=g-crec-u</a><br />
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<br />Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-75703507392574570392012-11-22T09:28:00.001-08:002012-11-22T09:28:05.557-08:00Whiskered batsStill processing the photos from the Top Hill Low batbox check. We found a couple of whiskered bats, which were a challenge to photograph as they are notoriously wiggly and vicious, but I did get some pictures of the tragus and 'gentleman's part' which are identification features.<br />
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And those of a more delicate constitution, look away now...<br />
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<br />Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-3273093003960812862012-11-22T01:16:00.003-08:002012-11-22T01:16:16.935-08:00Film PhotographyNice article on film photography and the Lomo cameras on the <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20434270">BBC website</a> today. I know a lot of photographers who still prefer to use film when they can, it's a totally different process and feel to digital photography. They both have their place in my opinion.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-82774339544440704782012-11-12T01:51:00.000-08:002012-11-20T02:09:54.241-08:00Bats and Biomimetics on televisionTonight on BBC1 at 9pm, I'll be on television with Richard Hammond as part of his '<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nvn22">Miracles of Nature</a>' series looking at Biomimetics, how nature and evolution have inspired engineers. This was filmed in some caves in Bristol where we looked at how echolocating Egyptian fruit-bats can avoid obstacles and how this has inspired technology to help the blind. The work on these bat's echolocation call structures, and the technology we developed to record echolocation went into the '<a href="http://www.ultracane.com/">ultracane</a>' which is a guideance device for the visually impaired. There is some fantastic footage in high-speed infra-red of the bats obviously detecting the wires and pulling in their wings at the last moment. There is also some amazing footage of a blind mountain cyclist using the ultracane technology to steer himself down a forest track.<br />
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The footage we shot of the bats actually took about two days, not including the extra two days it took Hannah Sneyd, the researcher for the programme, to bat-proof the caves which are old sandstone mines for the Bristol glass industry and which run under Britstol docks.<br />
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We actually filmed two alternative versions, one with Richard Hammond for the BBC and a version without Richard for German TV and the international satellite market. This latter version features some amazing footage using an 'acoustic camera' that superimposes the location of a sound onto a video feed.<br />
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<br />Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-41146474838117620832012-10-15T02:23:00.000-07:002012-11-20T02:32:01.052-08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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For the next six months I'll be working on an Ecosystems Services Transfer Toolkit at the University of York with Prof. Piran White in the Envrionment Department, and funded by Natural England. The tool will be a piece of software which will allow land managers to select from a range of habitat types and management interventions and see instantly which ecosystem services will be affected by that intervention, and whether the effects will be positive or negative. This will then link through to the evidence base for that interaction. The habitats we'll be looking at initially will be uplands, lowland freshwater, lowland agriculture and urban. The first challenge will be to find a structure for the database that is simple but allows for expansion in the future should new query structures arise.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-78735537991106499452012-10-07T02:21:00.000-07:002012-11-20T02:21:49.208-08:00Nathusius' pipistrellesI was lucky enough to be invited out with the East Yorkshire bat group on their bat box check at Top Hill Low, which is a Yorkshire Water nature reserve. The promise was lots of Nathusius' pipistrelles, and it didn't disappoint with one in the first box we checked, though that one was a bit lively and made good its escape. The movement of very active bats from one box to the next made it difficult to tell just how many there were, as they are not ringed, but somewhere in the region of about seven seemed a decent guess. This has to make this reserve on of the UK hotspots for this species now.<br />
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We were joined by Tina Wiffen and others from the Northumberland Nathusius bat project, who we equally delighted with the chance to see and handle so many Nathusius pipistrelles.<br />
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I was especially interested in the wing fibre markings as this is supposed to be one way of separating these bats from the other UK pipistrelles, though for all the bats we saw, their size, robust appearance and hairy tail membranes made then pretty obvious.<br />
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<br />Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-24256458015463545432012-09-20T06:47:00.000-07:002012-09-20T06:47:48.828-07:00Have just returned from the annual BCT conference in York. Lots of good talks on offer, as well as lots of interesting trade stands with the latest technology. The Wildlife Acoustics <a href="http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/products/ultrasonic-monitoring/em3">EM3</a> was popular, giving hand-held outputs of sonograms in the field.<br />
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The most interesting talk from my perspective was from Charlotte Walters from the Institute of Zoology who was talking about the results from the<a href="http://www.ibats.org.uk/"> iBats project</a>. Charlotte used an ensemble neural network approach (eANN) to try to identify species within the iBats database using parameters extracted from analysis in <a href="http://www.sonobat.com/">Sonobat</a>. She managed to get an overall correct classification rate of just over 80% which is comparable to other studies and seems to be about as good as it gets. <i>Myotis</i> as ever were a problem, with Natterer's proving the easiest to identify, with most of the other UK <i>Myotis</i> falling back to about 50% correct classification. The full paper can be found <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02182.x/abstract">here</a>.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-48822406063114801722012-07-23T07:41:00.002-07:002012-07-23T07:41:53.269-07:00Right, I've now given up with NiMH batteries, you think you've got a good charged set, and then you look away and they've faded. Having got fed up with checking the D500x and finding out that it recorded only two nights out of the four as the batteries died, I've gone back to environmentally unfriendly alkalines. Having done that, I've managed to get seven nights of recording from one set of four batteries (3 second files at 500 kHz) of 2500 files and still had the batteries at 4.7 V, so probably fine for another night or two. I've got an external battery box that will take four C cells, so I would imagine that with good quality alkalines in those I should get up to two weeks recording. I shall check that when we get to August.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-13764194810760533952012-06-23T06:38:00.000-07:002012-07-11T06:39:55.831-07:00D500x settingsWhen setting up the D500x, the settings that might cause some confusion are the gain, trigger level, interval and trigger sensitivity. The gain is how much the signal is amplified, so set it low if the bats are near and loud, or high if they're far and quiet. The trigger level is level at which the signal will trigger the device. The interval is the time between recordings in seconds - this is to avoid recording the same bat over and over again (unless you want to of course). The one that's got me scratching my head is the tigger sensitivity, which seems to be how long the signal has to remain over the trigger level to start the device. The options are very high, high, medium, low and very low. I guess the idea is to have a setting that will not tigger the device over short signals, rain perhaps.<br />
When setting it up, the device gives a handy indication of when it will be triggered, so you can jangle keys or loose change and make sure it will trigger but that it's also not going all the time.<br />
For the purposes of testing it in my garden, I've got gain and tigger level set to 30, interval at 0 and tigger sensitivity at low.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-38424652293929012512012-06-19T06:27:00.000-07:002012-07-11T06:40:23.004-07:00D500x - it's arrivedAfter a slightly delayed trip from Sweden via several courier depots and my neighbour, my D500x has arrived. First impressions are that it's small and well built. The menu is quite user friendly, and it's pretty easy to set up. Unlike the older versions with the previous firmwear, this one just needs Windows FAT32 formatted CF cards in it, not the specially formatted ones that the D1000x needs.<br />
As the device is not totally weatherproof, and looks rather high-tech and appealing dangling from a tree, I set about maiking an enclosure to keep the weather off, and make it more discrete.<br />
I started off with an plastic electronics enclosure box and cut a hole for the microphone. I then used that cut-off section as a shield above the microphone. The external power lead annoyingly comes out the front of the device which means you have to bend the lead back in to the battery pack.<br />
For batteries I made a pack up from a 6xAA holder I got from Maplins. That should give about 7.2 V at 2500 mAH. The device only needs about 4 V to work, but six batteries should give some margin if a battery or two fails, which seems to be quite common for NiMH batteries, for me anyway.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The D500x with a 6 AA battery pack wired into the external power socket.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Packed inside the box, the external power cable has to come out and then be net back around again.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">All done up inside the box and sprayed a nice drab olive colour.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The microphone is shielded from rain by the cut-out section which has been bolted to the lid.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Deployed for testing in my garden.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<br />Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-81336445603277462802012-05-25T06:42:00.000-07:002012-05-29T06:44:12.102-07:00Went out newt hunting with Richard Roe, one of my ex students who now runs <a href="http://www.kingdomecology.com/">Kingdom Ecology</a>. We looked at a development site in Cheshire with four ponds to do and set bottle traps at all of them. The morning revealed a good haul of great crested newts as well as a lot of smooth newts, nine in one bottle trap. Torching at night was interesting as we found a fair number of great crested newts that were very light, almost an olive colour which made separation from smooth newts something of a challenge when seen briefly.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051162136421359847.post-73131656560437162402012-05-10T06:39:00.000-07:002012-05-29T06:39:40.296-07:00I've been looking into getting a remote monitoring system for bat echolocation. I ruled out the EcoObs batcorder due to cost, so it was between the Wildlife Acoustics SM2+ and the Pettersson D500x. It was not an easy decision, but after weighing up cost, recording quality, expandability and integration into Batsound I went with the D500x. This is to deploy at a couple of sites this summer to be used in conjunction with transects so it's likely to be out in the field for a few months. Needless to say, I'll be testing it in the garden first, let's see if I can get further than the usual species list of<i> P. pipistrellus</i>.Dean Watershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16842545777403770873noreply@blogger.com2